bitarray: efficient arrays of booleans

This library provides an object type which efficiently represents an array
of booleans. Bitarrays are sequence types and behave very much like usual
lists. Eight bits are represented by one byte in a contiguous block of
memory. The user can select between two representations: little-endian
and big-endian. All functionality is implemented in C.
Methods for accessing the machine representation are provided, including the
ability to import and export buffers. This allows creating bitarrays that
are mapped to other objects, including memory-mapped files.

Key features

The bit-endianness can be specified for each bitarray object, see below.
Sequence methods: slicing (including slice assignment and deletion),
operations +, *, +=, *=, the in operator, len()
Bitwise operations: ~, &, |, ^, <<, >> (as well as
their in-place versions &=, |=, ^=, <<=, >>=).
Fast methods for encoding and decoding variable bit length prefix codes.
Bitarray objects support the buffer protocol (both importing and
exporting buffers).
Packing and unpacking to other binary data formats, e.g. numpy.ndarray.
Pickling and unpickling of bitarray objects.
Immutable frozenbitarray objects which are hashable
Sequential search
Type hinting
Extensive test suite with over 500 unittests
Utility module bitarray.util:
- conversion to and from hexadecimal strings
- (de-) serialization
- pretty printing
- conversion to and from integers
- creating Huffman codes
- compression of sparse bitarrays
- various count functions
- other helpful functions

Installation

Python wheels are are available on PyPI for all mayor platforms and Python
versions. Which means you can simply:

.. code-block:: shell-session

$ pip install bitarray

In addition, conda packages are available (both the default Anaconda
repository as well as conda-forge support bitarray):

.. code-block:: shell-session

$ conda install bitarray

Once you have installed the package, you may want to test it:

.. code-block:: shell-session

$ python -c 'import bitarray; bitarray.test()'
bitarray is installed in: /Users/ilan/bitarray/bitarray
bitarray version: 3.5.0
sys.version: 3.13.5 (main, Jun 16 2025) [Clang 18.1.8]
sys.prefix: /Users/ilan/miniforge
pointer size: 64 bit
sizeof(size_t): 8
sizeof(bitarrayobject): 80
HAVE_BUILTIN_BSWAP64: 1
default bit-endianness: big
machine byte-order: little
DEBUG: 0
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
................................................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 578 tests in 0.162s

OK

The test() function is part of the API. It will return
a unittest.runner.TextTestResult object, such that one can verify that
all tests ran successfully by:

.. code-block:: python

import bitarray
assert bitarray.test().wasSuccessful()

Usage

As mentioned above, bitarray objects behave very much like lists, so
there is not too much to learn. The biggest difference from list
objects (except that bitarray are obviously homogeneous) is the ability
to access the machine representation of the object.
When doing so, the bit-endianness is of importance; this issue is
explained in detail in the section below. Here, we demonstrate the
basic usage of bitarray objects:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitarray import bitarray
>>> a = bitarray()         # create empty bitarray
>>> a.append(1)
>>> a.extend([1, 0])
>>> a
bitarray('110')
>>> x = bitarray(2 ** 20)  # bitarray of length 1048576 (initialized to 0)
>>> len(x)
1048576
>>> bitarray('1001 011')   # initialize from string (whitespace is ignored)
bitarray('1001011')
>>> lst = [1, 0, False, True, True]
>>> a = bitarray(lst)      # initialize from iterable
>>> a
bitarray('10011')
>>> a[2]    # indexing a single item will always return an integer
0
>>> a[2:4]  # whereas indexing a slice will always return a bitarray
bitarray('01')
>>> a[2:3]  # even when the slice length is just one
bitarray('0')
>>> a.count(1)
3
>>> a.remove(0)            # removes first occurrence of 0
>>> a
bitarray('1011')

Like lists, bitarray objects support slice assignment and deletion:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = bitarray(50)
>>> a.setall(0)            # set all elements in a to 0
>>> a[11:37:3] = 9 * bitarray('1')
>>> a
bitarray('00000000000100100100100100100100100100000000000000')
>>> del a[12::3]
>>> a
bitarray('0000000000010101010101010101000000000')
>>> a[-6:] = bitarray('10011')
>>> a
bitarray('000000000001010101010101010100010011')
>>> a += bitarray('000111')
>>> a[9:]
bitarray('001010101010101010100010011000111')

In addition, slices can be assigned to booleans, which is easier (and
faster) than assigning to a bitarray in which all values are the same:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = 20 * bitarray('0')
>>> a[1:15:3] = True
>>> a
bitarray('01001001001001000000')

This is easier and faster than:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = 20 * bitarray('0')
>>> a[1:15:3] = 5 * bitarray('1')
>>> a
bitarray('01001001001001000000')

Note that in the latter we have to create a temporary bitarray whose length
must be known or calculated. Another example of assigning slices to Booleans,
is setting ranges:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = bitarray(30)
>>> a[:] = 0         # set all elements to 0 - equivalent to a.setall(0)
>>> a[10:25] = 1     # set elements in range(10, 25) to 1
>>> a
bitarray('000000000011111111111111100000')

As of bitarray version 2.8, indices may also be lists of arbitrary
indices (like in NumPy), or bitarrays that are treated as masks,
see Bitarray indexing <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/indexing.rst>__.

Bitwise operators

Bitarray objects support the bitwise operators ~, &, |, ^,
<<, >> (as well as their in-place versions &=, |=, ^=,
<<=, >>=). The behavior is very much what one would expect:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = bitarray('101110001')
>>> ~a  # invert
bitarray('010001110')
>>> b = bitarray('111001011')
>>> a ^ b
bitarray('010111010')
>>> a &= b
>>> a
bitarray('101000001')
>>> a <<= 2   # in-place left shift by 2
>>> a
bitarray('100000100')
>>> b >> 1
bitarray('011100101')

The C language does not specify the behavior of negative shifts and
of left shifts larger or equal than the width of the promoted left operand.
The exact behavior is compiler/machine specific.
This Python bitarray library specifies the behavior as follows:

the length of the bitarray is never changed by any shift operation
blanks are filled by 0
negative shifts raise ValueError
shifts larger or equal to the length of the bitarray result in
bitarrays with all values 0

It is worth noting that (regardless of bit-endianness) the bitarray left
shift (<<) always shifts towards lower indices, and the right
shift (>>) always shifts towards higher indices.

Bit-endianness

Unless explicitly converting to machine representation, i.e. initializing
the buffer directly, using .tobytes(), .frombytes(), .tofile()
or .fromfile(), as well as using memoryview(), the bit-endianness
will have no effect on any computation, and one can skip this section.

Since bitarrays allows addressing individual bits, where the machine
represents 8 bits in one byte, there are two obvious choices for this
mapping: little-endian and big-endian.

When dealing with the machine representation of bitarray objects, it is
recommended to always explicitly specify the endianness.

By default, bitarrays use big-endian representation:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = bitarray(b'A')
>>> a.endian
'big'
>>> a
bitarray('01000001')
>>> a[6] = 1
>>> a.tobytes()
b'C'

Big-endian means that the most-significant bit comes first.
Here, a[0] is the lowest address (index) and most significant bit,
and a[7] is the highest address and least significant bit.

When creating a new bitarray object, the endianness can always be
specified explicitly:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = bitarray(b'A', endian='little')
>>> a
bitarray('10000010')
>>> a.endian
'little'

Here, the low-bit comes first because little-endian means that increasing
numeric significance corresponds to an increasing address.
So a[0] is the lowest address and least significant bit,
and a[7] is the highest address and most significant bit.

The bit-endianness is a property of the bitarray object.
The endianness cannot be changed once a bitarray object has been created.
When comparing bitarray objects, the endianness (and hence the machine
representation) is irrelevant; what matters is the mapping from indices
to bits:

.. code-block:: python

>>> bitarray('11001', endian='big') == bitarray('11001', endian='little')
True
>>> a = bitarray(b'\x01', endian='little')
>>> b = bitarray(b'\x80', endian='big')
>>> a == b
True
>>> a.tobytes() == b.tobytes()
False

Bitwise operations (|, ^, &=, |=, ^=, ~) are
implemented efficiently using the corresponding byte operations in C, i.e. the
operators act on the machine representation of the bitarray objects.
Therefore, it is not possible to perform bitwise operators on bitarrays
with different endianness.

As mentioned above, the endianness can not be changed once an object is
created. However, you can create a new bitarray with different endianness:

.. code-block:: python

>>> a = bitarray('111000', endian='little')
>>> b = bitarray(a, endian='big')
>>> b
bitarray('111000')
>>> a == b
True

Buffer protocol

Bitarray objects support the buffer protocol. They can both export their
own buffer, as well as import another object's buffer. To learn more about
this topic, please read buffer protocol <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/buffer.rst>. There is also an example that shows how
to memory-map a file to a bitarray: mmapped-file.py <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/examples/mmapped-file.py>

Variable bit length prefix codes

The .encode() method takes a dictionary mapping symbols to bitarrays
and an iterable, and extends the bitarray object with the encoded symbols
found while iterating. For example:

.. code-block:: python

>>> d = {'H':bitarray('111'), 'e':bitarray('0'),
...      'l':bitarray('110'), 'o':bitarray('10')}
...
>>> a = bitarray()
>>> a.encode(d, 'Hello')
>>> a
bitarray('111011011010')

Note that the string 'Hello' is an iterable, but the symbols are not
limited to characters, in fact any immutable Python object can be a symbol.
Taking the same dictionary, we can apply the .decode() method which will
return an iterable of the symbols:

.. code-block:: python

>>> list(a.decode(d))
['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
>>> ''.join(a.decode(d))
'Hello'

Symbols are not limited to being characters.
The above dictionary d can be efficiently constructed using the function
bitarray.util.huffman_code(). I also wrote Huffman coding in Python using bitarray <http://ilan.schnell-web.net/prog/huffman/>__ for more
background information.

When the codes are large, and you have many decode calls, most time will
be spent creating the (same) internal decode tree objects. In this case,
it will be much faster to create a decodetree object, which can be
passed to bitarray's .decode() method, instead of passing the prefix
code dictionary to those methods itself:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitarray import bitarray, decodetree
>>> t = decodetree({'a': bitarray('0'), 'b': bitarray('1')})
>>> a = bitarray('0110')
>>> list(a.decode(t))
['a', 'b', 'b', 'a']

The sole purpose of the immutable decodetree object is to be passed
to bitarray's .decode() method.

Frozenbitarrays

A frozenbitarray object is very similar to the bitarray object.
The difference is that this a frozenbitarray is immutable, and hashable,
and can therefore be used as a dictionary key:

.. code-block:: python

>>> from bitarray import frozenbitarray
>>> key = frozenbitarray('1100011')
>>> {key: 'some value'}
{frozenbitarray('1100011'): 'some value'}
>>> key[3] = 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
TypeError: frozenbitarray is immutable

Reference

bitarray version: 3.5.0 -- change log <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/changelog.rst>__

In the following, item and value are usually a single bit -
an integer 0 or 1.

Also, sub_bitarray refers to either a bitarray, or an item.

The bitarray object:

bitarray(initializer=0, /, endian='big', buffer=None) -> bitarray
Return a new bitarray object whose items are bits initialized from
the optional initializer, and bit-endianness.
The initializer may be one of the following types:
a.) int bitarray, initialized to zeros, of given length
b.) bytes or bytearray to initialize buffer directly
c.) str of 0s and 1s, ignoring whitespace and "_"
d.) iterable of integers 0 or 1.

Optional keyword arguments:

endian: Specifies the bit-endianness of the created bitarray object.
Allowed values are big and little (the default is big).
The bit-endianness effects the buffer representation of the bitarray.

buffer: Any object which exposes a buffer. When provided, initializer
cannot be present (or has to be None). The imported buffer may be
read-only or writable, depending on the object type.

New in version 2.3: optional buffer argument

New in version 3.4: allow initializer bytes or bytearray to set buffer directly

bitarray methods:

all() -> bool
Return True when all bits in bitarray are True.
Note that a.all() is faster than all(a).

any() -> bool
Return True when any bit in bitarray is True.
Note that a.any() is faster than any(a).

append(item, /)
Append item to the end of the bitarray.

buffer_info() -> tuple
Return a tuple containing:

memory address of buffer
buffer size (in bytes)
bit-endianness as a Unicode string
number of pad bits
allocated memory for the buffer (in bytes)
memory is read-only
buffer is imported
number of buffer exports

bytereverse(start=0, stop=<end of buffer>, /)
For each byte in byte-range(start, stop) reverse bits in-place.
The start and stop indices are given in terms of bytes (not bits).
Also note that this method only changes the buffer; it does not change the
bit-endianness of the bitarray object. Pad bits are left unchanged such
that two consecutive calls will always leave the bitarray unchanged.

New in version 2.2.5: optional start and stop arguments

clear()
Remove all items from the bitarray.

New in version 1.4

copy() -> bitarray
Return a copy of the bitarray.

count(value=1, start=0, stop=<end>, step=1, /) -> int
Number of occurrences of value bitarray within [start:stop:step].
Optional arguments start, stop and step are interpreted in
slice notation, meaning a.count(value, start, stop, step) equals
a[start:stop:step].count(value).
The value may also be a sub-bitarray. In this case non-overlapping
occurrences are counted within [start:stop] (step must be 1).

New in version 1.1.0: optional start and stop arguments

New in version 2.3.7: optional step argument

New in version 2.9: add non-overlapping sub-bitarray count

decode(code, /) -> iterator
Given a prefix code (a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays, or decodetree
object), decode content of bitarray and return an iterator over
corresponding symbols.

See also: Bitarray 3 transition <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/bitarray3.rst>__

New in version 3.0: returns iterator (equivalent to past .iterdecode())

encode(code, iterable, /)
Given a prefix code (a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays),
iterate over the iterable object with symbols, and extend bitarray
with corresponding bitarray for each symbol.

extend(iterable, /)
Append items from to the end of the bitarray.
If iterable is a Unicode string, each 0 and 1 are appended as
bits (ignoring whitespace and underscore).

New in version 3.4: allow bytes object

fill() -> int
Add zeros to the end of the bitarray, such that the length will be
a multiple of 8, and return the number of bits added [0..7].

find(sub_bitarray, start=0, stop=<end>, /, right=False) -> int
Return lowest (or rightmost when right=True) index where sub_bitarray
is found, such that sub_bitarray is contained within [start:stop].
Return -1 when sub_bitarray is not found.

New in version 2.1

New in version 2.9: add optional keyword argument right

frombytes(bytes, /)
Extend bitarray with raw bytes from a bytes-like object.
Each added byte will add eight bits to the bitarray.

New in version 2.5.0: allow bytes-like argument

fromfile(f, n=-1, /)
Extend bitarray with up to n bytes read from file object f (or any
other binary stream what supports a .read() method, e.g. io.BytesIO).
Each read byte will add eight bits to the bitarray. When n is omitted
or negative, reads and extends all data until EOF.
When n is non-negative but exceeds the available data, EOFError is
raised. However, the available data is still read and extended.

index(sub_bitarray, start=0, stop=<end>, /, right=False) -> int
Return lowest (or rightmost when right=True) index where sub_bitarray
is found, such that sub_bitarray is contained within [start:stop].
Raises ValueError when the sub_bitarray is not present.

New in version 2.9: add optional keyword argument right

insert(index, value, /)
Insert value into bitarray before index.

invert(index=<all bits>, /)
Invert all bits in bitarray (in-place).
When the optional index is given, only invert the single bit at index.

New in version 1.5.3: optional index argument

pack(bytes, /)
Extend bitarray from a bytes-like object, where each byte corresponds
to a single bit. The byte b'\x00' maps to bit 0 and all other bytes
map to bit 1.

This method, as well as the .unpack() method, are meant for efficient
transfer of data between bitarray objects to other Python objects (for
example NumPy's ndarray object) which have a different memory view.

New in version 2.5.0: allow bytes-like argument

pop(index=-1, /) -> item
Remove and return item at index (default last).
Raises IndexError if index is out of range.

remove(value, /)
Remove the first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueError if value is not present.

reverse()
Reverse all bits in bitarray (in-place).

search(sub_bitarray, start=0, stop=<end>, /, right=False) -> iterator
Return iterator over indices where sub_bitarray is found, such that
sub_bitarray is contained within [start:stop].
The indices are iterated in ascending order (from lowest to highest),
unless right=True, which will iterate in descending order (starting with
rightmost match).

See also: Bitarray 3 transition <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/bitarray3.rst>__

New in version 2.9: optional start and stop arguments - add optional keyword argument right

New in version 3.0: returns iterator (equivalent to past .itersearch())

setall(value, /)
Set all elements in bitarray to value.
Note that a.setall(value) is equivalent to a[:] = value.

sort(reverse=False)
Sort all bits in bitarray (in-place).

to01(group=0, sep=' ') -> str
Return bitarray as Unicode string of '0's and '1's.
The bits are grouped into group bits (default is no grouping).
When grouped, the string sep is inserted between groups
of group characters, default is a space.

New in version 3.3: optional group and sep arguments

tobytes() -> bytes
Return the bitarray buffer in bytes (pad bits are set to zero).

tofile(f, /)
Write byte representation of bitarray to file object f.

tolist() -> list
Return bitarray as list of integers.
a.tolist() equals list(a).

Note that the list object being created will require 32 or 64 times more
memory (depending on the machine architecture) than the bitarray object,
which may cause a memory error if the bitarray is very large.

unpack(zero=b'\x00', one=b'\x01') -> bytes
Return bytes that contain one byte for each bit in the bitarray,
using specified mapping.

bitarray data descriptors:

Data descriptors were added in version 2.6.

endian -> str
bit-endianness as Unicode string

New in version 3.4: replaces former .endian() method

nbytes -> int
buffer size in bytes

padbits -> int
number of pad bits

readonly -> bool
bool indicating whether buffer is read-only

Other objects:

frozenbitarray(initializer=0, /, endian='big', buffer=None) -> frozenbitarray
Return a frozenbitarray object. Initialized the same way a bitarray
object is initialized. A frozenbitarray is immutable and hashable,
and may therefore be used as a dictionary key.

New in version 1.1

decodetree(code, /) -> decodetree
Given a prefix code (a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays),
create a binary tree object to be passed to .decode().

New in version 1.6

Functions defined in the `bitarray` module:

bits2bytes(n, /) -> int
Return the number of bytes necessary to store n bits.

get_default_endian() -> str
Return the default bit-endianness for new bitarray objects being created.
Unless _set_default_endian('little') was called, the default
bit-endianness is big.

New in version 1.3

test(verbosity=1) -> TextTestResult
Run self-test, and return unittest.runner.TextTestResult object.

Functions defined in `bitarray.util` module:

This sub-module was added in version 1.2.

any_and(a, b, /) -> bool
Efficient implementation of any(a & b).

New in version 2.7

ba2base(n, bitarray, /, group=0, sep=' ') -> str
Return a string containing the base n ASCII representation of
the bitarray. Allowed values for n are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64.
The bitarray has to be multiple of length 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 respectively.
For n=32 the RFC 4648 Base32 alphabet is used, and for n=64 the
standard base 64 alphabet is used.
When grouped, the string sep is inserted between groups
of group characters, default is a space.

See also: Bitarray representations <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/represent.rst>__

New in version 1.9

New in version 3.3: optional group and sep arguments

ba2hex(bitarray, /, group=0, sep=' ') -> hexstr
Return a string containing the hexadecimal representation of
the bitarray (which has to be multiple of 4 in length).
When grouped, the string sep is inserted between groups
of group characters, default is a space.

New in version 3.3: optional group and sep arguments

ba2int(bitarray, /, signed=False) -> int
Convert the given bitarray to an integer.
The bit-endianness of the bitarray is respected.
signed indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.

base2ba(n, asciistr, /, endian=None) -> bitarray
Bitarray of base n ASCII representation.
Allowed values for n are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64.
For n=32 the RFC 4648 Base32 alphabet is used, and for n=64 the
standard base 64 alphabet is used. Whitespace is ignored.

See also: Bitarray representations <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/represent.rst>__

New in version 1.9

New in version 3.3: ignore whitespace

byteswap(a, /, n=<buffer size>)
Reverse every n consecutive bytes of a in-place.
By default, all bytes are reversed. Note that n is not limited to 2, 4
or 8, but can be any positive integer.
Also, a may be any object that exposes a writable buffer.
Nothing about this function is specific to bitarray objects.

New in version 3.4

canonical_decode(bitarray, count, symbol, /) -> iterator
Decode bitarray using canonical Huffman decoding tables
where count is a sequence containing the number of symbols of each length
and symbol is a sequence of symbols in canonical order.

See also: Canonical Huffman Coding <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/canonical.rst>__

New in version 2.5

canonical_huffman(dict, /) -> tuple
Given a frequency map, a dictionary mapping symbols to their frequency,
calculate the canonical Huffman code. Returns a tuple containing:

the canonical Huffman code as a dict mapping symbols to bitarrays
a list containing the number of symbols of each code length
a list of symbols in canonical order

Note: the two lists may be used as input for canonical_decode().

See also: Canonical Huffman Coding <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/canonical.rst>__

New in version 2.5

correspond_all(a, b, /) -> tuple
Return tuple with counts of: ~a & ~b, ~a & b, a & ~b, a & b

New in version 3.4

count_and(a, b, /) -> int
Return (a & b).count() in a memory efficient manner,
as no intermediate bitarray object gets created.

count_n(a, n, value=1, /) -> int
Return lowest index i for which a[:i].count(value) == n.
Raises ValueError when n exceeds total count (a.count(value)).

New in version 2.3.6: optional value argument

count_or(a, b, /) -> int
Return (a | b).count() in a memory efficient manner,
as no intermediate bitarray object gets created.

count_xor(a, b, /) -> int
Return (a ^ b).count() in a memory efficient manner,
as no intermediate bitarray object gets created.

This is also known as the Hamming distance.

deserialize(bytes, /) -> bitarray
Return a bitarray given a bytes-like representation such as returned
by serialize().

See also: Bitarray representations <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/represent.rst>__

New in version 1.8

New in version 2.5.0: allow bytes-like argument

hex2ba(hexstr, /, endian=None) -> bitarray
Bitarray of hexadecimal representation. hexstr may contain any number
(including odd numbers) of hex digits (upper or lower case).
Whitespace is ignored.

New in version 3.3: ignore whitespace

huffman_code(dict, /, endian=None) -> dict
Given a frequency map, a dictionary mapping symbols to their frequency,
calculate the Huffman code, i.e. a dict mapping those symbols to
bitarrays (with given bit-endianness). Note that the symbols are not limited
to being strings. Symbols may be any hashable object.

int2ba(int, /, length=None, endian=None, signed=False) -> bitarray
Convert the given integer to a bitarray (with given bit-endianness,
and no leading (big-endian) / trailing (little-endian) zeros), unless
the length of the bitarray is provided. An OverflowError is raised
if the integer is not representable with the given number of bits.
signed determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer,
and requires length to be provided.

intervals(bitarray, /) -> iterator
Compute all uninterrupted intervals of 1s and 0s, and return an
iterator over tuples (value, start, stop). The intervals are guaranteed
to be in order, and their size is always non-zero (stop - start > 0).

New in version 2.7

ones(n, /, endian=None) -> bitarray
Create a bitarray of length n, with all values 1, and optional
bit-endianness (little or big).

New in version 2.9

parity(a, /) -> int
Return parity of bitarray a.
parity(a) is equivalent to a.count() % 2 but more efficient.

New in version 1.9

pprint(bitarray, /, stream=None, group=8, indent=4, width=80)
Prints the formatted representation of object on stream (which defaults
to sys.stdout). By default, elements are grouped in bytes (8 elements),
and 8 bytes (64 elements) per line.
Non-bitarray objects are printed by the standard library
function pprint.pprint().

New in version 1.8

random_p(n, /, p=0.5, endian=None) -> bitarray
Return pseudo-random bitarray of length n. Each bit has probability p of
being 1. Equivalent to bitarray((random() < p for _ in range(n)), endian).
The bitarrays are reproducible when calling Python's random.seed() with a
specific seed value.

This function requires Python 3.12 or higher, as it depends on the standard
library function random.binomialvariate(). Raises NotImplementedError
when Python version is too low.

New in version 3.5

sc_decode(stream) -> bitarray
Decompress binary stream (an integer iterator, or bytes-like object) of a
sparse compressed (sc) bitarray, and return the decoded bitarray.
This function consumes only one bitarray and leaves the remaining stream
untouched. Use sc_encode() for compressing (encoding).

See also: Compression of sparse bitarrays <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/sparse_compression.rst>__

New in version 2.7

sc_encode(bitarray, /) -> bytes
Compress a sparse bitarray and return its binary representation.
This representation is useful for efficiently storing sparse bitarrays.
Use sc_decode() for decompressing (decoding).

See also: Compression of sparse bitarrays <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/sparse_compression.rst>__

New in version 2.7

serialize(bitarray, /) -> bytes
Return a serialized representation of the bitarray, which may be passed to
deserialize(). It efficiently represents the bitarray object (including
its bit-endianness) and is guaranteed not to change in future releases.

See also: Bitarray representations <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/represent.rst>__

New in version 1.8

strip(bitarray, /, mode='right') -> bitarray
Return a new bitarray with zeros stripped from left, right or both ends.
Allowed values for mode are the strings: left, right, both

subset(a, b, /) -> bool
Return True if bitarray a is a subset of bitarray b.
subset(a, b) is equivalent to a | b == b (and equally a & b == a) but
more efficient as no intermediate bitarray object is created and the buffer
iteration is stopped as soon as one mismatch is found.

urandom(n, /, endian=None) -> bitarray
Return random bitarray of length n (uses os.urandom()).

New in version 1.7

vl_decode(stream, /, endian=None) -> bitarray
Decode binary stream (an integer iterator, or bytes-like object), and
return the decoded bitarray. This function consumes only one bitarray and
leaves the remaining stream untouched. Use vl_encode() for encoding.

See also: Variable length bitarray format <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/variable_length.rst>__

New in version 2.2

vl_encode(bitarray, /) -> bytes
Return variable length binary representation of bitarray.
This representation is useful for efficiently storing small bitarray
in a binary stream. Use vl_decode() for decoding.

See also: Variable length bitarray format <https://github.com/ilanschnell/bitarray/blob/master/doc/variable_length.rst>__

New in version 2.2

xor_indices(a, /) -> int
Return xor reduced indices of all active bits in bitarray a.
This is essentially equivalent to
reduce(operator.xor, [i for i, v in enumerate(a) if v]).

New in version 3.2

zeros(n, /, endian=None) -> bitarray
Create a bitarray of length n, with all values 0, and optional
bit-endianness (little or big).

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