first: The function you always missed in Python

.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/hynek/first.svg?branch=master
:target: https://travis-ci.org/hynek/first
:alt: CI Status

first is an MIT-licensed Python package with a simple function that returns the first true value from an iterable, or None if there is none.
If you need more power, you can also supply a key function that is used to judge the truth value of the element or a default value if None doesn’t fit your use case.

N.B. I’m using the term “true” consistently with Python docs for any() and all() — it means that the value evaluates to true like: True, 1, "foo", or [None].
But not: None, False, [], or 0.
In JavaScript, they call this “truthy”.

Examples

A simple example to get started:

.. code-block:: pycon

from first import first
first([0, None, False, [], (), 42])
42

However, it’s especially useful for dealing with regular expressions in if/elif/else branches:

.. code-block:: python

import re

from first import first

re1 = re.compile('b(.)')
re2 = re.compile('a(.)')

m = first(regexp.match('abc') for regexp in [re1, re2])
if not m:
print('no match!')
elif m.re is re1:
print('re1', m.group(1))
elif m.re is re2:
print('re2', m.group(1))

The optional key function gives you even more selection power.
If you want to return the first even number from a list, just do the following:

.. code-block:: pycon

from first import first
first([1, 1, 3, 4, 5], key=lambda x: x % 2 == 0)
4

default on the other hand allows you to specify a value that is returned if none of the elements is true:

.. code-block:: pycon

from first import first
first([0, None, False, [], ()], default=42)
42

Usage

The package consists of one module consisting of one function:

.. code-block:: python

from first import first

first(iterable, default=None, key=None)

This function returns the first element of iterable that is true if key is None.
If there is no true element, the value of default is returned, which is None by default.

If a callable is supplied in key, the result of key(element) is used to judge the truth value of the element, but the element itself is returned.

first has no dependencies and should work with any Python available.

Alternatives

first brings nothing to the table that wasn’t possible before.
However the existing solutions aren’t very idiomatic for such a common and simple problem.

The following constructs are equivalent to first(seq) and work since Python 2.6:

.. code-block:: python

next(itertools.ifilter(None, seq), None)
next(itertools.ifilter(bool, seq), None)
next((x for x in seq if x), None)

None of them is as pretty as I’d like them to be.
The re example from above would look like the following:

.. code-block:: python

next(itertools.ifilter(None, (regexp.match('abc') for regexp in [re1, re2])), None)
next((regexp.match('abc') for regexp in [re1, re2] if regexp.match('abc')), None)
next((match for match in itertools.imap(
operator.methodcaller('match', 'abc'), [re1, re2]) if match), None)

Note that in the second case you have to call regexp.match() twice.
The third example "fixes" that problem but also summons Cthulhu.

For comparison, one more time the first-version:

.. code-block:: python

first(regexp.match('abc') for regexp in [re1, re2])

Idiomatic, clear and readable. Pythonic. :)

As of version 0.6.5 from 2015, the excellent boltons package <https://boltons.readthedocs.io/>_ contains a first-like function as part of its iterutils module <https://boltons.readthedocs.io/en/latest/iterutils.html#boltons.iterutils.first>_.

Background

The idea for first goes back to a discussion I had with Łukasz Langa_ about how the re example above is painful in Python.
We figured such a function is missing Python, however it’s rather unlikely we’d get it in and even if, it wouldn’t get in before 3.4 anyway, which is years away as of yours truly is writing this.

So I decided to release it as a package for now. If it proves popular enough, it may even make it into Python’s stdlib in the end.

.. _Łukasz Langa: https://github.com/ambv

.. :changelog:

History

2.0.2 (2019-03-07)
++++++++++++++++++

Package tests as part of the dist.
Update docs.
Drop unsupported Python versions from CI.
N.B. The code hasn't changed and first continues to work as before.

2.0.1 (2013-08-04)
++++++++++++++++++

Make installable on systems that don’t support UTF-8 by default.
Backward incompatible: Drop support for Python older than 2.6, the previous fix gets too convoluted otherwise.
Please don’t use Python < 2.6 anyway.
I beg you.
N.B. that this is a pure packaging/QA matter: the module still works perfectly with ancient Python versions.

2.0.0 (2012-10-13)
++++++++++++++++++

pred proved to be rather useless. Changed to key which is just a selector. This is a backward incompatible change and the reason for going 2.0.
Add default argument which is returned instead of None if no true element is found.

1.0.2 (2012-10-09)
++++++++++++++++++

Fix packaging. I get this never right the first time. :-/

1.0.1 (2012-10-09)
++++++++++++++++++

Documentation fixes only.

1.0.0 (2012-10-09)
++++++++++++++++++

Initial release.

Credits

“first” is written and maintained by Hynek Schlawack and various contributors:

Artem Bezsmertnyi
Łukasz Langa
Nick Coghlan
Vincent Driessen

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