GDAL/OGR in Python

This Python package and extensions are a number of tools for programming and
manipulating the GDAL_ Geospatial Data Abstraction Library.
Generally speaking the classes and methods mostly
match those of the GDAL and OGR C++ classes. There is no Python specific
reference documentation, but the https://gdal.org/api/python_bindings.html#tutorials includes Python examples.

The GDAL Python package is built using SWIG <https://www.swig.org>__.
The GDAL project maintains these Python bindings for GDAL/OGR within
the gdal source tree.
The SWIG-generated files are not checked in and are not part of the
gdal release tarballs. The bindings are also made available via PyPi
where the swig-generated files are provided.

Building from source

To build from source, there are multiple possible paths.

Dependencies


(As usual, when a package is listed one needs the parts used to build
programs against it, called -devel on many systems.  This is not
special about gdal.)

 * SWIG (4 or greater).

 * libgdal (3.11.3 or greater).

 * numpy (1.0.0 or greater).  This is not force-required by the build,
   but many examples and utilities will not work without it.  At least
   osgeo.gdal_array requires numpy at build time; building without
   numpy and installing it later does not result in correct operation.
   apparently not and in any case it is an unwarranted leap.

 * setuptools (python)

 * wheel (python)

Building when building the rest of GDAL

Python bindings are generated by default when building GDAL from source.
For more detail, see Python bindings options <https://gdal.org/development/building_from_source.html#building-python-bindings>__

Building just the bindings, from the full tree


Another is to use the gdal source distribution with an
already-installed gdal library and headers.  To do this, one must
create a build directory and run cmake to generate build scripts.  Then,
run ``cmake --build . --target python_generated_files``. Finally, in swig/python,
one can build using setup.py like any other distributed python module.

Building from the PyPi module file
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The third is to obtain the PyPi-hosted module file, within which swig
has been run; this saves running cmake and generating bindings.   See
HOWTO-RELEASE for how this is created.  Because swig has been run, it
need not be installed.


Installation via packging systems
---------------------------------

General
~~~~~~~

Many packaging systems (on GNU/Linux, various BSDs) provide the
bindings as a package.  Specific instruction are given in cases when
that hint might not be sufficient.

pip
~~~

Due to the complex nature of GDAL and its components, different bindings may require additional packages and installation steps.
GDAL can be installed from the `Python Package Index <https://pypi.org/project/GDAL>`__:

::

    pip install gdal


In order to enable numpy-based raster support, libgdal and its development headers must be installed as well as the Python packages numpy, setuptools, and wheel.
To install the Python dependencies and build numpy-based raster support:


::

    pip install numpy>1.0.0 wheel setuptools>=67
    pip install gdal[numpy]=="$(gdal-config --version).*"


Users can verify that numpy-based raster support has been installed with:

::

    python3 -c 'from osgeo import gdal_array'


If this command raises an ImportError, numpy-based raster support has not been properly installed:

::

    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages/osgeo/gdal_array.py", line 10, in <module>
      from . import _gdal_array
    ImportError: cannot import name '_gdal_array' from 'osgeo' (/usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages/osgeo/__init__.py)


This is most often due to pip reusing a cached GDAL installation.
Verify that the necessary dependencies have been installed and then run the following to force a clean build:

::

    pip install --no-cache --force-reinstall gdal[numpy]=="$(gdal-config --version).*"


Potential issues with GDAL >= 3.9, Python >= 3.9 and NumPy 2.0 (pip)

The pyproject.toml file of GDAL 3.9 requires numpy >= 2.0.0rc1 (for Python >= 3.9)
at build time to be able to build bindings that are compatible of both NumPy 1
and NumPy 2.
If for some reason the numpy >= 2.0.0rc1 build dependency can not be installed,
it is possible to manually install the build requirements, and invoke pip install
with the --no-build-isolation flag.

::

pip install numpy==<required_version> wheel setuptools>=67
pip install gdal[numpy]=="$(gdal-config --version).*" --no-build-isolation

Conda


GDAL can be quite complex to build and install, particularly on Windows and MacOS.
Pre built binaries are provided for the conda system:

https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/

By the conda-forge project:

https://conda-forge.org/

Once you have Anaconda or Miniconda installed, you should be able to install GDAL with:

``conda install -c conda-forge gdal``



Usage
-----

Imports

There are five major modules that are included with the GDAL_ Python bindings.::

from osgeo import gdal
from osgeo import ogr
from osgeo import osr
from osgeo import gdal_array
from osgeo import gdalconst

API


API documentation is available at https://gdal.org/api/python/osgeo.html

Numpy
-----

One advanced feature of the GDAL Python bindings not found in the other
language bindings is integration with the Python numerical array
facilities. The gdal.Dataset.ReadAsArray() method can be used to read raster
data as numerical arrays, ready to use with the Python numerical array
capabilities.

Tutorials
---------

See https://gdal.org/api/python_bindings.html#tutorials

Gotchas
-------

Although GDAL's and OGR's Python bindings provide a fairly "Pythonic" wrapper around the underlying C++ code, there are several ways in which the Python bindings differ from typical Python libraries.
These differences can catch Python programmers by surprise and lead to unexpected results. These differences result from the complexity of developing a large, long-lived library while continuing to maintain
backward compatibility. They are being addressed over time, but until they are all gone, please review this list of https://gdal.org/api/python_gotchas.html

Examples
--------

* An assortment of other samples are available in the `Python github samples directory <https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/tree/master/swig/python/gdal-utils/osgeo_utils/samples>`__
  with some description in the https://gdal.org/api/python_bindings.html#examples.
* Several `GDAL utilities <https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/tree/master/swig/python/gdal-utils/osgeo_utils/>`__
  are implemented in Python and can be useful examples.
* The majority of GDAL regression tests are written in Python. They are available at
  `https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/tree/master/autotest <https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/tree/master/autotest>`__

One example of GDAL/numpy integration is found in the `val_repl.py <https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/tree/master/swig/python/gdal-utils/osgeo_utils/samples/val_repl.py>`__ script.

.. note::
   **Performance Notes**

   ReadAsArray expects to make an entire copy of a raster band or dataset
   unless the data are explicitly subsetted as part of the function call. For
   large data, this approach is expected to be prohibitively memory intensive.


.. _GDAL: https://gdal.org

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