ryd

ryd ( /rɑɪt/, pronounced like the verb "write" ) is a preprocessor
for text based documents, that builds upon the multi-document
capabilities of YAML files/streams.

The use of multiple-documents in ryd allows for clear separation
between document text and any programs referenced in those text. Thereby
making it possible to run (c.q. compile) the program parts of a
document, e.g. to check whether they are syntactically correct. It can
also capture the actual output of those programs to be included in the
document. It is also possible to recognise different documents and thus
run different formatters then recombining the documents.

This allows for easier maintenance of (correct) program sources, in
document source texts like reStructuredText, LaTeX, Markdown, etc.

The first of the documents in a ryd file has, at the root-level, a
mapping. This mapping is the ryd configuration metadata for the rest
of the stream of documents in the file. The metadata is used to define
ryd document version used, what the basic text style is (currently
rst for RestructuredText, so for StackOverflow-markdown), if any
postprocessing (PDF, HTML) needs to be done, and other configuration
information. This first document doesn't normally have any directives.
That the document is YAML 1.2 is implicit, so no %YAML 1.2 directive
is needed and without directive and no preceding document, you do not
have a directives-end marker line (---) at the top.

The documents following the first document are normally block style
literal scalars with an optional tag. The tag influences how the scalar
string is processed within the selected output text style.

Example

version: 0.2
text: rst
fix_inline_single_backquotes: true
--- |
Example Python program
++++++++++++++++++++++

This is an example of a python program:
--- !python |
n = 7
print(n**2 - n)
--- !stdout |
The answer is:

this will generate (using: ryd convert test.ryd) the following
test.rst:

Example Python program
++++++++++++++++++++++

This is an example of a Python program:

.. code:: python

  n = 7
  print(n**2 - n)

The answer is:

.. code::

  42

Postprocessing

The output can be converted to PDF using rst2pdf or HTML using
rst2html with images embedded using webpage2html. Invocation of
these programs can be specified in the metatada (e.g. post: pdf).

The (image embedded) HTML output has the indent of indented lines of
included code fragments inserted as actual spaces. So you copy and paste
program code (or YAML) from HTML without a problem, something not
possible with PDF files generated by rst2pdf.

ryd generates its text output stand-alone, but the programs actually
used for postprocessing have to be installed seperately and available in
your PATH.

(There is currently no postprocessing for Markdown, as pandoc is not
working on Arch (Mark 2022))

Config

You can create a file ~/.config/ryd/ryd.yaml with defaults for the
commandline options. To always embed images when converting to HTML and
always run the (global) verbose option:

global:

: verbose: true

convert:

: embed: true

Command-line options

The command-line of ryd consists of multiple components:

ryd [--global-option] command [--options] [arguments]

Although not indicated most global options can occur after the command
as well.

commands

convert             generate output as per first YAML document
roundtrip           roundtrip .ryd file, updating sections
from-rst (fromrst)  convert .rst to .ryd

You'll most often use convert it takes one or more filenames as
argument and generates output as specified in the ryd configuration
data. Some options allow you to override settings there (e.g. --pdf
and -no-pdf)

The command from-rst converts a .rst file into .ryd doing some
section underline checking and adding the ryd configuration data
document.

The roundtrip command updates sections by running in place
code-formatting on the !python (using oitnb) and !zig sections of
the .ryd file. ( There is currently no config option to use blue or
black, but you can copy ryd/_tag/python.tag to your
.config/ryd/tag directory and make the minor adjustment to use those,
see the section on making our own tag).

Doing ryd command --help might indicate extra options that have not
yet made it into the documentation and/or that are incompletely
implemented.

Documents and document tags

Each YAML document has to be separated from other documents in the
stream by at least the end of directive marker ---. Apart from the
first document, most documents contain a single, multi-line,
non-indented, scalar. The end of directives marker is therefor followed
by the pipe (|) symbol, which is the YAML indication for a multi-line
literal scalar.

That scalar can be "typed" in the normal way of YAML by inserting a
tag before the |. E.g. a document that is a type of Python program has
a tag !python and thus starts with:

--- !python |

What a document tag exactly does, depends on the tag, but, potentially,
also, on the output file format selected, on previously processed tagged
documents, other .ryd files processed previously and the environment.

In addition to the basic tag (like !python), a tag can have
subfunctions such as !python-pre. If an unknown subfunction is
specified you'll get a runtime error.

The following are short descriptions for all tags, independent of the selected
output format:

!changelog
input is a mapping keys are (version, date) tuples, or the word NEXT

!code
Include program in text. Do not mark as executable, doesn't influence !stdout.

!comment
The whole document will be discarded, i.e. not included in the output.

!inc
Include the content of the listed files (indented), without other processing, into the output. Preceed with :: if necessary

!inc-raw
Include the content of the listed files (indented), without other processing, into the output. Preceed with :: if necessary

!lastcompile
Include output from last compilation as code.

!nim
Include Nim program in text. Prefix and mark as executable.

!nim-pre
Include Nim program in text. Prefix and mark as executable.

!python
Include Python program in text. Prefix and mark as executable.

!python-hidden
Include Python program in text. Prefix and mark as executable.

!python-hiddenstdoutraw
Include Python program in text. Prefix and mark as executable.

!python-pre
Include Python program in text. Prefix and mark as executable.

!stdout
Include output from last executable document (e.g. !python) as code.

!stdout-raw
Include output from last executable document (e.g. !python) as code.

!table
create a table, for now headerless

!toc
insert an index

!yamlout
Include output from last executable document (e.g. !python) as code tagged as YAML document.

!zig
Include Zig program in text. Prefix and execute setting !stdout.

!zig-pre
Include Zig program in text. Prefix and execute setting !stdout.

!zsh
run each line in zsh, interspacing the lines with the output

MD

The output to .md expects non-code YAML documents to be valid
Markdown.

Because of the special meaning of --- (and ...) at the beginning of
a line, followed by newline or space, these should not be used. Either
use a longer sequence ( e.g. for divider lines use ---- ), or
indent the whole document:

  --- |
    line followed by divider
    ---
    another line

mkdocs

If you have a file _doc/README.ryd, you can use ryd serve to
convert and serve this with mkdocs. The contents of the necessary
mkdocs configuration file will be written from the mkdocs entry in the metadata
of the README.ryd file (so you don't need to put more cruft in your packages root
directory):

 version: 0.2
 text: md
 pdf: false
 mkdocs:
   # if site_name key not provided set to current directory name
   site_name: your_project_name
   docs_dir: _doc
   site_author: Anthon van der Neut

   theme:
     name: readthedocs

   exclude_docs: |
     *.ryd
     *.rst

   markdown_extensions:
   - toc:
       permalink: true

RST

The output to .rst expects non-code YAML documents to be valid
reStructuredText. Any non-tagged documents, i.e. those starting with:

--- |

are assumed to be text input, in the format specified in the ryd
configuration data.

Section underlining

Because of the special meaning of --- (and ...) at the beginning of
a line, followed by newline or space, the section under/over-line
characters used in .ryd files that are source for .rst should not
use - or . sequences if a any of those section names consist of
three letters (e.g. a section named API or RST). It is recommended to
use the following scheme:

Sections, subsections, etc. in .ryd files
 # with over-line, for parts
 * with over-line, for chapters
 =, for sections
 +, for subsections
 ^, for sub-subsections
 ", for paragraphs

Single backquotes

The fix_inline_single_backquotes: true tells ryd to indicate lines
that have single backquotes, that need fixing (by replacing them with
double backquotes):

README.ryd
47: this will generate (`ryd convert test.ryd`) the following
                      --^
                                           --^

(If you are used to other inline code markup editing e.g. on Stack
Overflow, that uses single backquotes, you'll come to appreciate this.)

Python

Python code is indicated by:

--- !python |

The document is inserted into the .rst preceded by .. code:: python
and each line with a two space indent.

If your program relies on specific packages, those packages, need to be
available in the environment in which ryd is started (which can e.g.
be a specifically set up virtualenv)

It is possible to have "partial programs" by preceding a python
document with e.g.:

--- !python-pre |
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
import ruamel.yaml
from ruamel.std.pathlib import Path, pushd, popd, PathLibConversionHelper
pl = PathLibConversionHelper()

Such a block is pre-pended to all following --- !python | documents
(until superseded by another --- !python-pre | block)

Captured output

The output from the last program that was run (--- !python |) is
stored and can be post-pended to a reStructuredText document by tagging
it with !stdout (i.e. --- !stdout |)

non-running code

A document tagged !code will be represented as one tagged !python,
but the code will not be run (and hence the output used for !stdout
not changed).

Zig

Zig code is indicated by:

--- !zig |

The document is inserted as with Python, there can be a !zig-pre
document, and output is captured and displayed with --- !stdout |):

// const std = @import("std");   is defined in zig-pre

pub fn main() !void {
    const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
    try stdout.print("Hello, {s}!\n", .{"world"});
}

which outputs:

Hello, world!

The compilation is done with option build-exe.

compiler output
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you are interested in the textual output of the compiler you can use
--- !lastcompile |:

Nim

Nim code is indicated by:

--- !nim |

The document is inserted as with Python, there can be a !nim-pre
document, and output is captured and displayed with --- !stdout |):

let a = 123
let x = 0b0010_1010
echo(fmt"The answer to the question: {x}")

which outputs:

The answer to the question: 42

The compilation is done with options
--verbosity:0 --hint[Processing]:off .

compiler output

If you are interested in the textual output of the compiler you can use
--- !lastcompile |:

/tmp/ryd-of-anthon/ryd-1169/tmp_02.nim(4, 5) Hint: 'a' is declared but not used [XDeclaredButNotUsed]

Comments

Block style literal scalars do not allow YAML comments. To insert
comments in a text, either use the format acceptable by the output, e.g.
when generating .rst use:

..
   this will show up in the resulting .rst file, but will
   not render

Alternatively you can create a comment YAML document (--- !comment |),
for which the text will not be represented in the output file format
at all.

If you already have a tagged document, e.g. --- !python | document,
you can make it into a comment by inserting comment-:

--- !comment-python |

This has been implemented by not reporting an error when an unkown
subfunction on !comment is invoked.

Tasklists

If you set tasklist: true in the metadata, then lines that start
with one of the following tasklist patterns, are transformed to their
unicode counterpart:

[ ] not done yet
[v] done
[x] no longer going to do

resulting in

☐ not done yet

☑ done

☒ no longer going to do

(it would be nice to know if there is a way to create a real list with
user specified bullet items)

Making your own tag

Before trying to load a tag !yourtag from its know files, ryd tries
to load them from ~/.config/ryd/tag/. This mechanism can be used to
implement your improvements over existing tags or extendeding the tags
with your own.

Let's assume you want to explain the use of mypy in your ryd
document, including output of a mypy run on some source. First create
a file ~/.config/ryd/tag/mypy.tag with the following content:

# coding: 'utf-8'

from __future__ import annotations

import os
import subprocess
from typing import Any, TYPE_CHECKING
from ryd._tag._handler import ProgramHandler

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from ryd._convertor._base import ConvertorBase
else:
    ConvertorBase = Any


class Mypy(ProgramHandler):   # class name is capitalization of the stem of the filename
    def __init__(self, convertor: ConvertorBase) -> None:
        super().__init__(convertor)
        self._pre = ''

    def pre(self, d: Any) -> None:  # like !python-pre you can have !mypy-pre
        self._pre = str(d)

    def __call__(self, d: Any) -> None:
        """
        Include Python program in text. Prefix, save and run mypy, setting !stdout.
        """
        s = str(d)
        # depending on the util, you may not need to do a chdir to the tempdir
        old_dir = os.getcwd()
        self.c.temp_dir.chdir()
        path = self.c.temp_file_path('.py')
        path.write_text(self._pre + s)
        self.c.last_output = subprocess.run([
            'mypy',
            '--strict', '--follow-imports', 'silent', '--implicit-reexport',
            str(path),
        ], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, encoding='utf-8').stdout
        os.chdir(old_dir)
        self.c.add_code(s, 'python')  # format the code as python

and you include in your ryd document:

--- !mypy |
def main(arg1, arg2):
    return arg1

--- !stdout |
which gives:

--- |

from the mypy output you can see ....

Your .rst will then contain the Python source and the mypy output:

.. code:: python

  def main(arg1, arg2):
      return arg1

which gives:

.. code::

  tmp_03.py:2: error: Function is missing a type annotation
  Found 1 error in 1 file (checked 1 source file)

from the mypy output you can see ....

History

ryd grew out of a in-house solution where sections of reStructuredText
files were updated, in-place, by running Python programs specified in
separate files. Also allowing the inclusion of the (error) output.

An example of this can be seen in
this
old version of the example.rst file of the ruamel.yaml package:

Basic round trip of parsing YAML to Python objects, modifying
and generating YAML::

  import sys
  from ruamel.yaml import YAML

  inp = """\
  # example
  name:
    # details
    family: Smith   # very common
    given: Alice    # one of the siblings
  """

  yaml = YAML()
  code = yaml.load(inp)
  code['name']['given'] = 'Bob'

  yaml.dump(code, sys.stdout)

.. example code small.py

Resulting in ::

  # example
  name:
    # details
    family: Smith   # very common
    given: Bob      # one of the siblings


.. example output small.py

The program was inserted before the .. example code line and its
output before .. example output, replacing all the text starting after
the previous ::

The small.py referenced a separate file for this piece of code. This
resulted in multiple source files that were associated with a single
.rst file. There was no mechanism to have partial programs that could
be tested by execution, which precluded getting output from such program
as well.

Although the code could have been edited in place, and used to get the
output, this would force one to use the extra indentation required for
lines following ReST's ::.

Once this system came under review, the solution with a structured YAML
header, as used with various file formats, combined with multiple
document consisting of (tagged) top level, non-indented, block style
literal scalars, was chosen instead.

In early 2022 an update of the 0.1 format was implemented to make tags
and convertors into seperate files, thereby making them more easily
upgradable and extensible.

Dependency	Optional
ruamel.std.pathlib	false
ruamel.yaml	false
ruamel.yaml.split	false

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